Censorship and the Dark Knight - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3223 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/06/10 Category Society Essay Level High school Topics: Censorship Essay Did you like this example? Comics are some of the more unique things to have developed out of the Great Depression and are a form of entertainment that persists even into the digital and technological world of the 21st century. When first conceived, they were simple, fun, and presented a new way of conveying a story using color that popped off the page and unique or zany characters. Batman, or the Bat-man, was one such hero comic. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Censorship and the Dark Knight" essay for you Create order From the time Detective Comic #27 hit newsstands in 1939, Batman was a dark new hero who fought crime alongside his partner Robin. But Batman had to undergo serious changes years later. His image altered, his plots dampened and his opponents simplified to something childish. So why did a popular super hero who enjoyed widespread popularity and great plots become so reviled and diluted into something queer only fifteen years later? The time period of the late 1930s and 1940s illustrated a time of development and experimentation for comics, particularly the Batman comic universe, under the auspices of only the creator and the publisherrs overview. However, the 1950s brought Batman and many other comics to be scrutinized by the psychologists and regulated by the US government out of fears of communism and socialism. Creating the Bat-Man In 1939, the birth of Batman came about from the need for a new hero in the nascent and rapidly expanding comic market, a hero that needed to be unique but also reflective of the decades advancements in science and technology. The Depression-era comic company National Comics, the forerunner to todayrs DC comics, wanted to capitalize upon the success that the Superman comics had. But they needed a new novel idea. Editor Vin Sullivan looked for a new team to put together a comic. They found a cartoonist who ran strips on rag papers in New York City named Robert ?Bob Kane and a writer Bill Finger to create a new hero. The agency wanted to veer away from the usual super-power heroes that were typical of early comics and instead wanted something a little more visceral. Mr. Kane worked as a freelancer for years, working on the odd comic book. Mr. Finger, a former schoolmate of Kaners from the Bronx, dabbled with comics and sold shoes before he ghostwrote for Kane in comics published for ne wspapers and other publications in the early 1930s. But it was Mr. Kane who came up with the idea of the Bat-Man character, and it is certainly not the caped crusader that we know him as today. His outfit was quite different. Kane said that his ideas for Bat-Man were inspired by the Da Vinci blueprint for a device that requires wings to fly. Mr. Finger later recalled: Finger gave his input of edits to the cowl and a cape over wings. Kane also recalled the meeting in his autobiography, Batman and Me: This rendering is a Batman many in America are more familiar with. Kane and Finger used the 1930rs contemporary trends and outlooks on technology to form the mind of the Bat-Man†race, personality, thinking. They also used the scientific advances of the day to influence the herors weaponry and methodology. The 1930s were a time where technology was bettering the lives of millions of people from radios to gas stoves. Kane and Finger concluded that Bat-Man should be someone on the cutting edge of the technological curve. In the 1930rs, technology had advanced so much that peoplers well-beings was improved close to the standard that we have in the modern era. In the view of many inventors, technologyrs purpose was to serve humans in capacity that would make life easier and safer. Batman would be no different. The identity of the Bat-Man is one rooted in the history of Anglo-American rule breakers and shows the uniquely American identity of the hero. When tasked with the development of the secret identity of the Bat-Man, Bill Finger wanted to use Anglo-American heritage. The name of Bruce Wayne was a combination between two people from Anglo-American history: King of Scots Robert Bruce and Brigadier General Mad Anthony Wayne. Robert Bruce, a king, Scottish nationalist, and patriot from the early fourteenth century. Bruce was the leader of the rebellion against England during the First War of Scottish Independence. The ?Wayne portion of the name originated from the Brigadier General Anthony Wayne. His rather odd reputation for his seemingly cockamamie and, by all intents and purposes, bullish war tactics, such as those displayed at the Battle of Fallen Timbers during the Northwest Indian War. This heritage gave Batman a sort of birthright as an American hero. The predecessors of comics were a largely unregulated series of publications called ?pulps. Of these heroic stories, Batman, Superman, Wonder Woman, and Justice League comics, contained many of the characteristics of the pulp fiction. The term derived from the wood pulp that the paper sheafs these stories were printed on. They were the predecessors to the short fiction and penny press novels that arose out of the democratization of American and British media, such as newspapers and periodicals in the late 19th century. They reached their zenith during the interwar period and featured a diverse melange of stories from those about the lost city of Atlantis to the bloody cases of detectives and from fantastic sci-fi battles to sultry romantic exploits. Many of the stereotypes about certain things †like aliens and sea monsters† arose from such novels. Literature of this type, as the US Senate Subcommittee on Comics illustrated in their findings on comics published in the 1950 s, lacked any real editing on presentation or tastefulness. The pulps also provided no guidelines for publication and that resulted in many being extremely violent and raunchy, even by todayrs standards. Batman also had some very unsavory elements in the early years. Batman Ascending In the Golden age of Bat-Man that spanned from 1939 throughout the 1940s, pulp styles were heavy-handed in the comics and Batmanrs character became progressively more pronounced with little attention paid to by DC or its editors. By 1940, Batman had his own comic and now was consider a keystone element to the DC companyrs success. The first few issuances of the Batman comics, Kane noted he gave Batman more striking features such as a heroic face (cheekbones, jawline, etc.) than the Batman in the rudimentary sketches hashed out. Kane affectionally called him, my mature Batman. In the run up to the 1940rs, Batman had all the hallmark ?Bat gadgets. First was the utility belt that became pivotal in Batmanrs crime fighting capability. A few months later came Batmanrs boomerang inspired ?Batarang that is now ubiquitous in all Batman media and is in toy stores across America. In the same rollout as the Batarang, Batman was seen in his flying vehicle† the Batplane. Then in a subsequent comic, the Batmobile rolled onto the scene originally in a bright red and then black and blue. While there is not any major research done on trends in comic hero development through the lease of the times, one can infer that this new toolkit is reflective of the advancement of weaponry that came out of the Second World War and the violence that was present in that conflict. Nevertheless, the technologically reliant hero was an instant hit. Many people were fond of this hero who used items from modern day discourse (i.e. planes and steel weapons). DC was amazed at the astounding sales that they allowed the Batman team look over the stories themselves and bypass company editing. The late 1940s brought a softened touch for the Batman and a slow phase out of the pulp impacted elements due to rising concern over the Red Scarers impact on society. The beginning of this new era of Batman began in April of 1940, with the introduction of Robin who in turn became an absolute staple in the Batman story for the next seven decades. Bill Finger wanted a complementary figure to Batman a sort of figure that would temper the hero and provide a sort of devilrs advocate and friend while still participating in the crime fighting element of the story. A former circus performer that went by the name Dick Grayson, Bruce Wayne adopted him and brought him into his vigilante project. The new independent Batman comics brought a 17-year-old assistant named Jerry Robinson on the project. A comic cartoonist prodigy, Robinson brought new details to the series that impact the modern Batman tales. The plot lines featured two new unique villains that were static throughout the 40s† t he infamous Joker, a psychotic clown, and Catwoman, a cat-burglar. Jokerrs depiction was a grotesque clown who poisoned his victims with Joker toxin (originally called Joker venom) and the very first super-villains Batman encounters. This Joker villain played into peoplers fears of psychopaths creating disharmony in the American way of life. Catwoman was a villain who inflected with the changing position of women starting in the 1950s. In the first few editions of Batman comics and, particularly in his first appearance in Detective Comics, Batman was not the image we would congenitally see him as. One markedly shocking theme came in scenes of him murdering and crippling criminals in a style that many would see as uncharacteristically violent. The first independent Batman comic involved the Caped Crusader killing monsters with a gun in a particularly vicious fashion. This was bridge too far. Editors and executives who wanted a softened Batman and DC stepped in after close to ten years of the series and wanted the gun eliminated from his arsenal for fear of exactly what would happen in the 1950s† censorship. Censoring Batman The supposed Silver and Bronze ages of Batman in the 1950s brought with them controversy and a new direction in a heavily scrutinized comic industry that was created by the publication of Seduction of the Innocent and the beginnings of the McCarthy hearings. The 1950s were the years that gave way to hearings in the US House of Representatives, and to lesser degree the Senate, on certain things considered un-American. Among them were the infamous McCarthy hearings that resulted in the smearing of literary and Hollywood figures like Arthur Miller and Charlie Chaplin. Comics, too, came into the searing lenses of ultra-Americanism. In 1954, a book written by a psychiatrist by the name of Dr. Fredric Wertham was published called Seduction of the Innocent. It accused comics of having a deleterious affect on the developing psyches of young children, inspiring juvenile delinquency and later drugs, alcohol, and violent crime. How did Nietzsche get into the nursery Here is the repetition of vi olence and sexiness, he writes, which no Freud, Krafft-Ebing, of Havelocke Ellis would ever dreamed be offered to children and in such profusion! He purported that the relationship between Batman and Robin was homosexual. When he testified in the Senate before the judiciary committee, when asked about Batman and Robinrs supposed romantic relationship, Wertham stated, Well, it certainly seems that way, wouldnt you think? He said parents werent supervising their kids enough because parents think comics are just about cowboys and silly newspaper gags. This book became a popular bestseller and encouraged outraged parents to call for censorship in an effort to preserve the countryrs moral compass. In a 1954 piece in the Providence Journal, staff writer Ben Bagdikian writes about how Wertham views comics as the following: [They are] psychotic[ally] violent, semi-pornography [that] constitute a serious if not underground consumption. Bagdikian continues to say that Werthamrs behaviorist roots are influencing his thinking. He cites that Wertham belief that comics foster sexual abnormality and confusion in addition to racist ideas and sadism. Its not just boys, girls turn towards promiscuity and sexual teasing. Bagdikian points out that in the United States there are ninety million comic books published a month. One third of them are crime comics (which Batman was characterized as) and westerns (which he notes Wertham counts as a crime book). Bagdikian reports that, according to Wertham, the comic book companies print the crime ?pamphle ts for any where between a half or three-quarters cents on the dollar and sell them at a 20 percent mark-up of ten cents on the dollar. They make $1,000,000 per week from children. Some publishers get 40% return on investment. He says paper pulp companies worry about if they can continue to print, and even alleges that the comics own the companies in a monopolistic presentation of the industry. Now, whether or not these numbers or facts were fabricated or not remains a mystery as newspapers at the time watched their tone for fear of being labeled as a communist scandal sheet. Additionally, no documents exist to corroborate these claims of ripping off the poor urchins of America and Mr. Bagdikian could simply be using embellishment. About a month after the book hit stores, a contributing writer for the New York Times by the name of C. Wright Mills gave a fascinating insight into how ?grateful parents should be for Werthamrs book. Mills was a professor of sociology at Columbia University and a self-proclaimed scholar of the human mind and its nuances. This piece alleges that parents have zero oversight over what their child reads. ?These ugly pamphlets, as Mills puts it, contribute to the rebelliousness of youth and foster a sense of childhood backwardness. They are a detriment to good reading and a force of illiteracy, Mills accuses. Plainly said, Mills essentially stumps here for Wertham, his research saying it should be further studied and dissected in depth. In New York state, six legislative measures were put forward to attempt to curb comics including Batman citing unrealistic depictions of law enforcement. In a New York Times article from the same year as Werthamrs book, writer Warren Weaver, Jr. of The Ne w York Times reports from Albany that the Joint Legislative Committee on Comic Books recommended six initiatives for the curtailment of ?lewd books. The report that published in 1954 baselessly alleged that comics, threaten[ing] the spiritual, mental, and physical welfare of the state. The recommended legislative initiatives included fining vendors $150 who sell comics to minors. They also recommended a certain age where an individual can purchase comics. It is a testament of the American court of public opinion and how easily it can be swayed† even when presented with flimsy evidence and weak arguments. Many of the assertions made by Dr. Wertham and the Senate Judiciary Committee were false in many of the cases involving Batman. For one, the purported notions of a homosexual relationship between Batman and Robin are specious and unfounded as evidenced through simple deduction and closer examination and reading of the comics. All of the comics where Robin or Dick Grayson appeared with Batman or Bruce Wayne and spoke to each other were certainly heartfelt, but none were of the salacious manner that Dr. Wertham argues. This form of censorship made many hero comics, not just Batman, decline in plot quality. One issue had Batman and Robin fighting off a space invasion (perhaps a sign of the times) and in another Batman was turned into a ?Zebra Batman. This radioactive Mr. Hyde figure gallivanted around Gotham as a villain and was widely unpopular appearing only once. Batman and Robin traveling to the moon and getting frozen in ice for 200 years were just some of the bizarre array of plot s that came out of this era. The comic companies tried to use vibrant colors and illustrations to reclaim some of the enthusiasm it found pre-Wertham but it was futile. The lackluster plots resulted in a dip in sales but the comics however retained their general popularity. At a time when Dr. Walter Freeman was performing ice-pick lobotomies as a form of psychotherapy, it seems to us in the modern day ridiculous and a form of pseudoscience. In a New York Times piece published in 2013 by Dave Itzkoff, research presented by Dr. Carol L. Tilley of the University of Illinoisrs Graduate School of Library and Information Science says that Wertham manipulated the results of his findings to skew the data towards his personal convictions. She also supposes that the fears many Americans held at the height of the second Red Scare and a serious wave of social conservatism in the suburbs forced this book into the spotlight. She also notes the number of children used as a population was heavily inflated and the results were from the poverty stricken area of New York City in Harlem. Additionally, Wertham excluded extenuating circumstances and the possibility of any mental illness in the focus group. Itzkoff also puts in his own thoughts: Werthamrs influence was indisp utable. Comic magazines that focused on horror, crime or shock and suspense stories were shut down by the dozens. In spite of this new evidence, Batman still required a serious overhaul. The curtailment of violence was because of these McCarthyite impositions on the comic industry. One may surmise that Jokerrs jovial pranks and more tame story lines existed only as attempts to subvert otherwise draconian rules imposed by the federally mandated Comic Code Authority created as a quasi-public oversight on comic and other graphic publications. Even before being subject to the codes, Joker witnessed a scaled back to try and appeal to a younger audience. They attempted to present him as more of a fanciful and funny prankster. However by the late 50s, Joker saw even further scale backs and in some cases was replaced by other villains in order to comply with codes. Many of the nudity provisions in the guidelines forced Catwoman and Batmanrs early love interest, Vicki Vale, off the pages. If Catwoman appeared, it was in a tamer form and lacked a sultry nature and Vickirs relationship to Bruce was much mo re flat with less passion and romance and more of a platonic courtship. Moreover, to receive the stamp of approval by the CCA, Batman plots in the 50rs evolved into something more diluted. Many provisions in the code that had to be followed included but were not limited to: crime being depicted as an unpleasant activity, good triumphing over evil, and tasteful depictions of females. Batman Forever The story of Batman is one that persists today and comics are still being released every month. With the CCA and the McCarthy era behind us, Batman has taken on a more realistic nature. With the ascendency of the Nixon presidency, the CCA and other family-values lobby groups attempting to censor pop culture fell out of favor. The US government was more concerned with ending the Vietnam War, attempting to revive a flailing economy, and trying to open up many of the closed societies that existed such as in China and Africa. Many comics entered a renaissance period with the rollback of many of the McCarthy era regulations and a resurgence of new Batman comics. The interactions that Americans have with comics today is with movies such as DCs Dark Knight series and Marvelrs The Avengers series, both of which address issues of the modern era such as terrorism, roles of government, and the ultimate triumph of hopefulness and the greater good over chaos and evil. Comics give people a way of exploring the greater conversations of human philosophy. To stymy that conversation through censorship is to stymy the human ability to soar onward just as the late comic icon and founder of Marvel Stan Lee said, Excelsior!† ever onward.

Any Farming is Good Farming Essay - 1713 Words

Any Farming is Good Farming In the future you will go to the grocery store and pay $15 a pound for Pork, and $20 a pound for Beef. World hunger outside the United States will be running rampant because of an inadequate food supply. Houses will start to pop up on all of the United States prime farmland. If we continue to bash corporate farming, this is the world we would be looking at. Family farms would thrive because there is little competition. The world as a whole would suffer because the small farms in the United States could no longer supply the world, let alone its own citizens, with food. The farming industry as a whole is failing and that is why we see family farms disappearing from the landscape of America. America has†¦show more content†¦The leader of the National Family Farm Coalition, Bill Cristison states, There needs to be a far greater understanding in this country about the important role of family farmers in providing for our nations food supply and food security (Christison). The truth is family farms do not produce enough goods to support the demand in the United States. People can’t see that we need corporate farming and it is a good thing for the national government to support any type of farming. In my mind, Cristison must not want to support farming at all because he rejects the 2002 Farm Bill. Cristison states, Representative Larry Combest, the House Agriculture Committee chairman, has said publicly that the winners of this Farm Bill are American farmers. I strongly disagree. The winners of this farm bill are corporate agribusiness ( Christison). This bill was going to deliver income to farms through the taxpayer. This would make up for losses that ANY farmer may take. Why would Cristison be against this if he is for farming? Family farms are getting the money as well. This bill is very fair; if you have a larger farm you will receive more money. That is how it should work, much like taxes in a sense that you pay based on the size of your income. This bill was the only logical agreement reached by the national government on how to help its farmers. I know exactly what people in this country want to see when they think of agriculture. They want to see their next-door neighbor out onShow MoreRelatedHistory Of Agroecology Vs. Industrial Farming1512 Words   |  7 PagesIn this paper I will argue that the â€Å"natural=good† idea provides good guidance for other environmental issues, other than GM products and ecosystem management, by utilizing the example of Agroecology vs. Industrial farming. Natural can be defined as anything that has been produced by nature and not made or altered by humankind in any way. The â€Å"natural=good† idea argues that anything that is produced, preserved, protected, and so on, in natural ways or with naturally occurring products is the betterRead MoreHow Organic Farming Affects The Growth Of The Green Movement1061 Words   |  5 PagesUp until the 1920’s, most agriculture and farming was done organically. Farmers used products that were naturally earth made to control the wee ds, pest, and help the soil maintain its nutritional value. There wasn’t any chemicals or insecticide until the Second World War, when the researchers discover that nerve gas was able to kill insects. The first insecticide was created in 1939 by Paul Miller. Since then organic farming has dramatically decreased and more insecticides has become extremely popularRead MoreEssay on Organic versus Non-Organic Food and Food Production1032 Words   |  5 Pagesthere aren’t any differences in the food itself, but the real difference lies in the means of producing the food. 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The world’s population is growing at a very high rate and this calls for better farming methods in order to have enough food to feed the growing population. There are approximately five farming methods that are used in the world today; organic farming, factory farming, traditional farming, village farming, and vertical farming (Ruthenberg, MacArthur, Zandstra, and CollinsonRead MoreAnalysis Of Porter s Generic Competitive Strategy1552 Words   |  7 PagesThe strategic competitive advantages are available for this organic companies and are depicted by Porter’s Generic Competitive Strategies. These strategies portray that a company can achieve standard sustainable competitive advantages in any of the three essential ways. Organic Monitor or the quality checkers will outline the applications of these in organic food production industry. Cost strategies: Green Org Company acquires competitive advantage through a cost based leadership strategy. 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Home School Community Plan Free Essays

Home School Community Plan: The Home School Community Plan is based on the principle of partnership between homes, schools and communities. This partnership is characterised as â€Å"a working relationship that is characterised by a sense of purpose, mutual respect and the willingness to negotiate. This implies a sharing of information, responsibility, skills, decision-making and accountability†. We will write a custom essay sample on Home School Community Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now (Pugh, 1989). Family-involvement programs are an effective way to facilitate partnerships between the home and the school. Programs developed by school personnel can provide a forum for parents and children to experience learning in an atmosphere quite different from the usual classroom setting. Locations for the interaction might include the school library, cafeteria, or multi-purpose room. Evening programs may take place outside the school in other community buildings. Children and parents are encouraged to participate in a series of evening activities during which they explore science ideas. During the exploration, teachers take on the role of facilitator and encourage the families to look at familiar things in a different way. Families are encouraged to discover something again, for the first time. The science does not have to be high-tech or complicated. The equipment should not be sophisticated. The goal is to demystify science, to promote the notion that everyone is a scientist and everyone can do science. The content of the session should take a back seat to the promotion of the process skills. Observation, measurement, prediction, experimentation, data collection and interpretation, classification, and so on are lifelong skills that can be useful in many different contexts. Use of everyday materials will encourage families to continue their journey through the discovery process at home. Parents will soon see that their attitudes toward science have changed, and this change will ultimately impact the attitudes of their children. Children will benefit from seeing their parents enjoying the problem-solving process. Sharing a fun-filled learning experience with their parents sends a subliminal message to children that we are all lifelong learners and that learning can be fun. Community Involvement Community support is an outgrowth of family-involvement programs. Community awareness fosters a positive belief about the school and the effectiveness of the teachers. The positive community attitude toward education often manifests itself in ways that are very important to the school community, such as the passing of school budgets, win-win negotiations of teacher contracts, and the public’s feeling of pride in the municipality. Communication between the school and the community is critical to a successful relationship, as is the case in any relationship. In today’s highly technological world, communication should be relatively easy to facilitate but is sometimes neglected. Some schools have set up voice-mail systems on which there is a way for parents to access school information. The information may include notices of school programs, homework hotline information, or PTA news. Usually there is a way to leave messages for individual teachers as well. Another way for the community to work closely with the school is through community volunteers. When we provide a way for non-school personnel to come into the classroom, we give parents the opportunity to recognize and respond to the problems that the classroom teacher faces every day. With increased understanding comes mutual respect. Parents are given the opportunity to volunteer their time working with students who can make significant gains when given a little more individual attention. Parents see how they can make a difference in the classroom by helping the teacher as an additional facilitator of learning. Parents who volunteer should participate in an orientation session designed to outline the role of parents in the classroom. Various options can be explored, and parents can choose how they feel they can best help. Suggestions range from working behind the scenes, shopping for and packaging materials that may be used in a science or math class, to working with individual students on reading skills, word recognition, or editing of writing assignments. The aims are: * To maximise active participation of the children in the schools of the scheme in the learning process, in particular those who might be at risk or failure * To promote active co-operation between home, school and relevant community agencies in promoting the educational interests of the children * To raise awareness in parents of their own capacities to enhance their children’s educational progress and to assist them in developing relevant skills. To enhance the children’s uptake from education, their retention in the educational system, their continuation to post-compulsory education and to third level and their attitudes to life-long learning * To disseminate the positive outcomes of the scheme throughout the school system generally. General principles govern the operation of this partnership scheme: * The scheme consists of a partnership and collaboration of the complementary skills of parents and teachers. * The scheme is unified and integrated at bot h primary and second levels. The thrust of the scheme is preventative rather than curative. * The focus of the scheme is on the adults whose attitudes and behaviours clash on the lives of children, namely, parents and teachers. * The basis of activities in the scheme is the identification of needs and having those needs met. * The scheme develops teacher and staff attitudes in the areas of partnership and the â€Å"whole-school† approach. * The scheme promotes the fostering of self-help and independence. * Home visitation is a crucial element in establishing bonds of trust with families. Networking with and promoting the co-ordination of the work of voluntary and statutory agencies increases effectiveness, obviates duplication and leads to an integrated delivery of service to marginalised children and their families. * Home/School/Community liaison is a full time undertaking. * The liaison co-ordinator is an agent of change. * Community ‘ownership’ of the scheme is promoted through the development of local committees. Parents While the primary purpose of the scheme is the promotion of partnership in the children’s learning, parents frequently identify needs which are not directly concerned with their children’s education. Meeting those identified needs is a critical factor in the development of parents’ awareness of their capacities and in fostering their self-confidence. Scheme activities which meet parent’s needs include:- * home visitation with the objective of establishing bonds of trust with parents and families and supporting parents in the identification of their developmental needs * provision of drop-in centres and parents’ rooms in schools * provision of childcare facilities so that parents can attend scheme activities Courses and Classes on: curricular areas so that parents can assist and support their children with their school work * personal development through parenting and assertiveness training * leisure activities * aspects of educational development which range from basic literacy to certificate examination subjects and diploma courses * the development of parents as home visitors, facilitators and classroom aides. Teachers Development for teachers in the liaiso n scheme is in the area of developing partnership and collaboration with parents in the interests of the children’s education. This development includes: the promotion and establishment of a continuity in the children’s transfer from home to school, and from primary to second level * an understanding of partnership in the context of the parents’ role as the primary educators of their children * the development of attitudes and behaviours regarding the complementarity of parents’ and teachers’ skills, knowledge and experiences in the enhancement of children’s’ learning * joint policy making between parents and teachers on issues such as homework, code of positive behaviour, study skills, attendance, substance misuse and home/school/community liaison. Child Plan: 1. Nutrition/Sleep behavior 2. Medical/Dental needs 3. Body Work/Exercise 4. Self Calm/Relaxation 5. Self- Care and Self Management 6. Child Attachment/Empathy 7. Stating Wants and Feelings 8. Social Relations 9. Play/Activities/Rewards 10. Daily Living Skills 11. Talent Build/Hobbies 12. Self Esteem Building 13. Pain/Illness Management 14. Anger/Aggression Management 15. Dealing with Loss and Grief 16. Strengthening Coping 17. Self Identity/Development 18. Individual/Group Therapy 19. Medication Family/Home Plan 1. Home/Food/Job/Insurance 2. Child Care/Respite 3. Help w/ Brothers/Sisters 4. Boundaries/Structure/Routine 5. Stress Control 6. Kin/Parenting Support 7. Family Sharing Time 8. Parent/Child Special Time 9. Information/Education 10. Recognition/Awards 11. Chores/Pets/Roles 12. Leisure/Recreation 13. Celebrations/Rituals/Traditions 14. Cultural/Spiritual 15. Family Service Project 16. Behavior Mgt. Training 17. Family Counseling 18. Caregiver Treatment 19. Home Support Services 20. Celebrations/Rituals/Traditions 21. Cultural/Spiritual School/Education Plan 1. Family-School Bonding 2. Attendance Strategies 3. School Stress Reduction 4. Sense of Inclusion 5. Teacher/Child Compatibility 6. Friendship Building 7. Buddy/Activity Groups 8. Mentor/Coach/Student Tutor 9. Recognition Experiences 10. Assign Helpful Tasks 11. Positive Home Notes 12. Achievements/ Projects/Portfolio 13. Build on Strengths 14. Other Success Experiences 15. Learn Strategies/Self Management 16. After School Activities/Homework 17. Other Skill Building 18. Student Ed Occupation Plan 19. Individual Health Plan/504 Plan 20. IEP-Related Services 21. Family Education/Counsel Center 22. Marketable Skill Development 23. Vocation/Education/Rehabilitation 24. Transition/Closure Community Plan 1. Safety Crisis Plan 2. Care w/ Trust, Respect, Hope 3. Network Building 4. Parent Support Groups 5. Parent Information Center 6. Parks and Recreation/Camp 7. Religious Affiliation 8. Cultural Advocacy 9. Health Program/PHN 10. Mental Health 11. Services for Persons with Disabilities 12. Home Visitation 13. Mentor/Work Experience 14. Volunteer Work 15. Monitoring Progress 16. Coordination of Services 17. Core Team 18. Family/Agency Wraparound 19. Family Preservation 20. Other Human Services 21. Substance/Abuse/Gang Prevention 22. Legal Advocacy/Court How to cite Home School Community Plan, Essay examples

Business Information Systems Operation of Latrobe Valley Product Gall

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Information Systems for Operation of Latrobe Valley Product Gallery. Answer: Introduction The given case study has demonstrated certain information related to operation of Latrobe Valley Product Gallery (LVPG) who specializes in promoting and selling both (i) stand space at trade fairs and (ii) tickets for visitors to trade fairs in Latrobe Valley, Gippsland area. Based on the given data, an in depth analysis has been done. According to the analysis, it can be said that the organization will earn significant amount of profit from this operation. In this context, if the volume of profit in terms of trade fair type is taken into account, then it can be said that food section has contributed the maximum profit. Again, if the profit generation by sales representative is taken into consideration, then it can be said that Kyile contributes highest profit. The details calculations have shown in table and graphs format in the excel file. Again, it has also seen that the total hours worked during the trade fairs is 62.67 hours. In it, maximum time spent by the sales representative is in food trade fair. Here also Kylie spent the maximum number of time. Like total profit, if the total sales has considered here, then it can be said that total sales is $ 300996. In it, highest contribution in terms of sales is by food trade fair. Here, Shane contributes the highest sales. Further, if the total expenses are taken into consideration, then it can be said that clothing segment contributes highest expenses. On the other hand, furniture segment contributes lowest amount of expenses. Now, if the LVPGs five best and five worst customers by total sales are considered here, then it can be said that the five best customers are Readit, Babies RUs, Bluetailwines, DSEVic and MyGrub. On the other hand, the five worst customers are Allbooz, Red White, BobsBits, Jobsmgtco and Plonk2u. In addition, LVPGs best and worst Trade Fairs by total profit are food and clothing respectively. Again, if LVPGs best and worst sales representatives by total profit are considered here, then it can be said that best is Kylie and worst is Jarrah. It has seen from the analysis that clothing section is one of the segments, where future concern is required. Here, the cost is high but the sales volume is comparatively low. That is why the profit become less. Similarly, if a specific customer is taken into account, then it can be said that Plonk2u is a serious concern here. However, the data file provides detailed information about the operation; still certain information like feedback from the customer would taken into account. This will help to identify the reduction in sales volume. In case of record keeping aspect, it can be said that during data record, there is requiring reorganization of the storage, access control, naming conversation and version rules and a summary document, where brief about the data collected will be mentioned. It has seen that the increases of fees paid to sales representative increases the cost only. There are no certain changes in the sales revenue. Therefore, the profit level will change. So, it depends on effort to increase the sales level. Bibliography Amindoust, A., Shamsuddin, A. Saghafinia, A. (2014). Learning Improvement of DEA Technique in Decision Making for Manufacturing Applications Using DEA Excel-Solver.AMR, 903, pp.425-430. GARCA, J., BORRAJO, F. FERNNDEZ, F. (2012). REINFORCEMENT LEARNING FOR DECISION-MAKING IN A BUSINESS SIMULATOR.Int. J. Info. Tech. Dec. Mak., 11(05), pp.935-960. Hacklin, F. Wallnfer, M. (2012). The business model in the practice of strategic decision making: insights from a case study.Management Decision, 50(2), pp.166-188. Jenson, R. (2011). The Enterprise Resource Planning System In Support Of Business School Curriculum Integration.RBIS, 4(2), p.15. Jung-Lu Shen, (2012). Integrated multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method combined with decision making trial evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) analytic network process (ANP) in food supplier selection.African Journal of Business Management, 6(12). Stone, R. Good, D. (2011). Dimensions of Computer System Success in Business.RBIS, 2(1), p.49. Teirlinck, P. Spithoven, A. (2012). Formal RD management strategic decision making in small firms in knowledge-intensive business services.RD Manage, 43(1), pp.37-51.

Looking In-Depth At Storytelling By Silko Essays - Literature

Looking In-Depth at Storytelling by Silko Leslie Marmon Silko is a Laguna Pueblo Indian who has written many novels and poems in her lifetime. One of these poems, Storytelling, is very interesting to me. This poem excites me because it tells of the impact that storytelling has on people in Laguna culture. I will analyze and explore many parts of this poem. One of these subjects is theme. The theme of Storytelling is actually the art of storytelling. Another aspect of the poem I will look at is tension. There is a specific tension between the husband and the wife in this poem. Next, I will explore how imagery helped Silko strengthen her writing. Then, I will look at how the form of Storytelling is different from that of other poems. Finally, I will compare Storytelling to another poem, written by Luci Tapahonso entitled, Blue Horses Rush In. All these aspects put together will enable me to do a complete textual analysis of Storytelling. Larson 2 To start, I will begin with the theme of Storytelling. The theme of the poem is the art of storytelling, hence the name. At the end of the poem the author says, My husband left after he heard the story and moved back in with his mother. It was my fault and I don't blame him either(Silko 424). As the reader, you think that the woman is feeling bad about lying to her husband and she doesn't blame him for leaving her because she has sinned. Then the next line reads, I could have told the story better than I did(Silko 424). This surprises the reader because the ending's not expected. This shows that the woman isn't really feeling bad about what she did, or what happened; she only wishes that she could have told a better story so her husband would stay with her. These quotes prove the theme of the poem; that storytelling is very important in the Laguna culture. It is what the people pride themselves on and the woman in the poem could have done a better job. Earlier on in the poem the husband says, You better have a damn good story(Silko 423). It is almost as if the husband is expecting a better story than w hat he receives, so not satisfied with the lines his wife feeds him, he leaves. From these lines it is obvious that the stories told, and how the people tell them is the theme of the poem Storytelling. This is not only a theme in the poem, but I Larson 3 believe that it also represents a very prominent theme in the Laguna culture. Other themes in the poem are adultery and lying, but these also portray the main tensions in the poem in addition to themes. The tension is between the husband and the wife. A mysterious being shows up and kidnaps the wife. When she returns she tries to tell her husband what happened in terms that he would understand. The husband, now very upset, believes that his wife committed adultery. The tension starts when the husband says, You better have a damn good story about where you have been for the past ten months and how you explain these twin baby boys(Silko 423). You can tell from this quote that the husband is not happy and wants an explanation; and it better be a good one. The wife retaliates by saying, No! That gossip isn't true(Silko 423). The wife feels that she needs to defend herself against the false accusations that her husband made. The rest of the poem the wife tells her story in order to try to persuade her husband of the truth. She wants to resolve the tension. Her atte mpts to persuade her husband are unsuccessful. So the tension is never really resolved because the husband leaves. Therefore, there is probably still tension surrounding the subject. Larson 4 There are many images in Storytelling that help set the scene and develop a mood. A couple images that help to set the scene are, ...the sun came over the long red mesa(Silko 422) and, She looked into the shallow clear water(Silko 423). This gives an image of how mystical and magical the scene was when the Buffalo Man

Moving Beyond Simple Conflict of Interest

Moving Beyond Simple Conflict of Interest Introduction This paper discusses some issues related to the Greber case. Greber was a physician and was the owner of Cardio-Med, Inc. The company assisted physicians by making available certain medical equipments to record the cardiac details of patients.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Moving Beyond Simple Conflict of Interest specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The physicians were paid a certain amount for every patient that they referred. The case deals with out of the way payments made to physicians in order to get more referrals from them. Such payments were more than the actual worth of the jobs done. The case came to light and a case was lodged. How do criminal and civil law differ? Answer: The differences between criminal law and civil law pertain to the nature of crime, the person filing the lawsuit, the punishments awarded, and substantiating evidence. With regard to the nature of crime, criminal law rel ates to illegal conduct, whereas civil law relates to disagreements between two parties and where the complainants haven’t broken any law. With regard to the person filing the lawsuit, â€Å"In criminal cases, the government always files the litigation or lawsuit. In civil law, the plaintiff files the lawsuit and usually is a private party such as a person or corporation† (Main, 2012). With regard to the punishment awarded, in a criminal offence the punishment awarded may range from imposing fines, imprisonment, or capital punishment (depending on the severity of the crime). In civil offences, the loser is required to compensate the monetary or other losses of the winning party. With regard to the substantiating of evidence, in criminal offences, the prosecutor (most of the time) is responsible for providing the required evidence, whereas in civil cases, mostly the plaintiff has to provide evidence. However, in both cases sometimes the other party also may have to prov ide evidence. In what way did this differ from joint venturing? Answer: In joint venturing the parties involved have control over the business to the extent of their share. Moreover, the agreement is a legal binding for the parties involved. But in this case, there was no binding for either Medicare or the physicians. Medicare paid to the physicians as per the referrals received. The physicians had a free will to refer patients to other medical facilities from where they could get better deals. Also, there was no legal contract between the two parties. â€Å"The execution of a letter of intent (sometimes styled as a memorandum of understanding, term sheet, protocol, summary of terms, or other titles) is the first major undertaking of negotiating a successful joint venture† (Smith Southwell, 2012). In this case, there was no such understanding. Hence this case is different from joint venturing.Advertising Looking for case study on criminal law? Let's see if we can hel p you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Do you feel that any of the physicians involved dishonored their fiduciary relationship with their patients? If so how? Answer: Yes, I do believe that the physicians dishonored their fiduciary relationship with their patients. Fiduciary relationship relates to the trust that the patients have over their physicians; trust that makes the patients believe that they will not be cheated. But in this case, in order to earn money, the physicians referred them to such clinics that charged hefty amounts (including their commission). Pamela Bucy (2010) claims that â€Å"Cardio-Med’s payment amount exceeded that which Medicare would have paid the physicians for those services† (p. 40). Medicare paid the excess amount in order to bribe the physicians to send more referrals. So indirectly the patients became a part of this payment scam where payments were made more than what was actually required. This was a financ ial loss and it was definitely a breach of trust. Summarize and give your analysis of the verdict of the case employing your own opinion. Do you agree with the verdict? Why or why not? Answer: According to the court ruling, it was ruled that Medicare made the payments to the physicians in order to induce more referrals. The court also ruled that â€Å"If one purpose of the payment was to induce future referrals, the Medicare statute has been violated† (Bucy, 2010). Stephen Pierce claims that â€Å"The Medicare and Medicaid health care programs were created in the mid-1960s in an attempt to ensure that all Americans would receive high quality health care despite their inability to pay† (Pierce, 1986). But what happened in this case was totally in contrast to what was intended. So, yes, I agree with the verdict of the court. Conclusion: As per the ruling of the court, the payments made to the physicians were done in order to attract more clients to the medical facility. Moreover, the payments received from Medicare were diverted to the physicians; this was totally against the norms. The court ruled against Greber; Greber was found guilty. I am in favor of the judgment because it is not correct for someone to use, for profit, funds that are meant for other purposes. This case is an example of pure bribing in order to gain profits. References Bucy, P. (2010). Health care fraud: Enforcement and compliance. New York: Law Journal Press.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Moving Beyond Simple Conflict of Interest specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Main, K. (2012). What is the difference between criminal law and civil law? Web. Pierce, S. (1986). Comment: United States v. Greber and its effect on the Medicare and Medicaid programs. Web. Smith, B., Southwell, T. (2012). Joint Ventures: A Primer. Web.

Abortion - yes or no Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Abortion - yes or no - Research Paper Example Religions, especially the Christian religion always opposes abortion citing moral reasons whereas sociologists, human right activists and feminists always demand for the legal acceptance of abortion. Critics of abortion argue that the abortion is equivalent to killing of an innocent human being whereas supporters of abortion argue that the life of a woman is more important than the life of a fetus. In short, abortion controversies will continue as long as human kind exists in this world. In my opinion, abortion should be allowed to perform and this paper argues in favour of abortion after analysing various viewpoints about abortion. â€Å"The key to the ontological position for opposing abortion is the status of the embryo during pregnancy† (Faundes & Barzelatto, p.76). The first thing we should decide before analysing the advocacies of abortion is whether a fetus is a human or not. If fetus is a human, then it should enjoy all the human rights which other humans enjoy. On the other hand if fetus is not a human, then human life should get preference over all other lives. It is illogical to think fetus as a human since it is only an underdeveloped entity. Until a fetus becomes fully developed and taking birth in this world, it is not wise to give all human rights to fetus. In other words, fetus is just like any other body organs before it taking birth in this world. it should be noted that we normally repair or remove our organs if it causes some kind of problems or discomfort to us. Under such circumstances, fetus should also be considered as another body organ which should be destroyed if it causes any physical or mental trouble to a woman. The terms "pro-life" and "pro-choice" generally boil down to the question of whether the individual wants to see abortion banned, but theres more to the debate than that. The pro-choice movement argues that in cases where human personhood cannot be proven,

Role of Biology in Contemporary Criminological Thinking Essay

Role of Biology in Contemporary Criminological Thinking - Essay Example Cesare Lombroso was an Italian prison doctor during the 19th century who later to be known as the 'father of criminology'. Cesare Lombroso suggested that physiological features such as cheek bones, hairline, or cleft palate are indication of one's inclination to criminal acts. Lombroso's approach was greatly influenced by the theory of phrenology and by the theory of evolution of Charles Darwin. However, such theories were later taken over by the modern day theory on genetics and chemistry as influencing factors in one's inclination to behavioural crime ("Criminology", 2006). Lombroso furthered his studies with statistical analysis wherein he identified more 'Watavistic stigmata', as well as the immorality of efficiency in the approach of born criminals. Lombroso proposed the fair treatment of offenders by suggesting rehabilitation instead of harsh punishment. Despite Lombroso being the forerunner of criminology, his studies became the foundation of movements such as the eugenics during the 20th century. Today, Lombroso's research is no more the basis of modern criminology; however, psychology as well as psychiatry has used his theory in identifying crime potential of an individual independent of his surrounding environment ("Casare Lombroso", 2006).Ever since, medicine has been involve in the study of crime and its related problems. Medical studies such as physiognomy and phrenology which found the interconnection of the shape of the skull to the way mind think and behave. These theories were popular because they relieve the blame of the cause of crime from the hands of the government and the society as a whole, rather the blame is placed on the offender themselves who were biologically predispose to commit a crime which have distinct features from peaceful citizens. Modern studies only relate the body structure to crime due to the fact that people with stronger features can do more harm physically, however, with regards to studies such as by Lombroso is no longer being adopted. The new studies on genetics further showed evidence in the genetic cause of crime as chromosome and some genes that predispose one to commit crime were identified. However, further studies on twin, family, and adoption proved no direct link of genetic factor to crimes being committed ("Positivist school", 2006). Thereby propelled the nature vs. nurture debate further. Genetic factors More and more studies have shown that genes play a big role in aggressive behaviour of individual. One such study was conducted by Philip Vernon and colleagues wherein they have studied 247 adult twin pairs. 183 were identical twins and 64 others are fraternal twins. The subjects were examined with the use of 18 aggression measurements. Their analyses, they say, 'revealed that multiple measures of different dimensions of aggressive behaviour have moderate to quite large heritabilities'. Moreover, they say, 'there appears to be substantial overlap between genes associated with different types of aggression' ("Strong genetic influence on aggression seen", 2000; Vernon et al, 1999,

Fundamentals of Design Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Fundamentals of Design - Assignment Example Unregistered athletes are not allowed to carry out this activity. The venue advisor collects details of all available venues and fills saves them in the system. Assumption made is that managers of different venues provide information in paper form and do not fill it directly into the system. The time keepers association triggers the event by. They fill in details of available time keepers into the system. The details are saved to the database for inclusion in making of the schedule. It is assumed the association will have an access right to the system. The competition advisor will trigger the event of scheduling. This will involve combining details of available venues and time keepers. The system will automatically produce multiple schedules as suggestions to the advisor. The advisor will then choose one schedule which is favorable to the institution. This is an event triggered by the competition advisor. The print out will include details of venues and events. It is assumed by the time of triggering this event all venues and time details will have been correctly fed into the system. Ethan wants to makes a schedule of all the winter season events. He peruses the different files in the registry to get details of available venues. After getting the list he prepares the season’s calendar using the details. The task takes a lot of time because the registry maintains its file in paper form. Ethan will need a system that will provide him with details of the different venues at a click of a button. This system will allow the venue advisor feed details of different venues and their availability. Once Ethan visits the site he will only require choosing the appropriate venues. The system is supposed to provide an interface with information about the different venues and when they are available. This interface should have a search capability to enable Ethan in finding a venue easily by just typing the name of a venue. The interface

Review and Comparison of Different Software Quality Models

Review and Comparison of Different Software Quality Models Muhammad Qasim Riaz1 and Zeeshan Asif2 1,2Department of Computer Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan Abstract Software quality models are one of the best means for the support of software quality management system. Since more than 30 years, several quality models have been offered and used with fluctuating mark of success. To be particular, with the idea of defining the multidimensional content of software quality management system a variety of qualitative models have been presented by which different aspects of this topic have been tried to be investigated properly. By investigating the trends and evolution of software quality models and identifying differences in the approaches and judgment outcomes, the results indicate significant progress in the development of software quality models. Many definitions and models of software quality are studied and a competitive conclusion is drawn. It carries on with a review of the quality models and comparison between them. Introduction The main aspects of the quality at which every software engineer should focus himself are reviewed and compared [4] in this paper. Now a days, in modern age of technology large firms and companies spend millions and billions of dollars at the IT projects to get precise and efficient software services. Our first point is, what is meant by quality [1] in software products. What should we do to a software product to decide it as a quality product, simply a good product or name it as a failed product. Many papers have been published about the causes of project failure e.g. [8]. Several models and many success factors are presented for effective and precise management of projects to make up the quality of products [5]. This paper is taking a review by examining factors and points discussed in different models like Boehm, McCall and many others[9][8]. We also illustrates their impact on quality of the software product. Secondly, many models are presented by different researchers, organizations and scientists. Most of the scientists followed the basic models of software quality presented by the McCall, Boehm, and FURPS. On the basis of these models IEEE and ISO presented new models and also did many additions like ISO 9126. This paper emphasizes all these models of quality factors and explains a comparison between them. How to measure the quality of software and which scales are defined to measure it, are also mentioned in the paper. At the end, effect of quality at the cost and demand of software will also be discussed. We have reviewed and compared the following software quality models in this paper: McCalls software Quality Model Boehms software Quality Model FURPS software Quality Model IEEE software Quality Model ISO 9126 software Quality Model A quality model is mostly stated as a set of characteristics like document clarity, design trace-ability, integrity, program reliability, test integrity and relationships among them which truly provide the foundation for identifying the requirements of quality and calculating quality. It can be identified as defined set of properties that are required for a product to meet stated purposes. The advantage of quality model is determined by the decomposition of main objects like product, process or organization in the list of its properties and characteristics. It is applicable for forecasting, guaranteeing and authenticating the accomplishment of a well-defined goal. Quality Defined As the quality of any object/thing in universe can be defined as: The measure of standard of any object/thing against the other objects/things of same kind is known as the quality of that object/thing. OR It can also be defined as the degree of superiority or inferiority of something as compare to the other things of same type. For example the quality of a computer depends on the speed of the computer, reliability of the computer, consistency of the computer and many other factors like that. Similarly, the dictionary definitions of quality in computing largely concentrated on excellence and improvement in product International Standards(IS) professionals should focus. Quality according to ANSI Standard can be define as Quality is the sum of characteristics and features of a software product or a service that bears on its capacity to fulfill the given needs Quality according to IEEE Standard (IEEE Std. 729-1983) All the characteristics and features of a software product which stand on its capacity to fulfill the particular requirements [6]: for example, follow to conditions. The grade to which software keeps a wanted mixture of features. The mark at which a consumer observes that software meets his mutual outlooks. The multiple characteristics of software that define the unit according to which the software product in use will meet the hopes of the customer. General Kinds of the Models Now a days, most of the quality models are hierarchical models which are based on the basic principles of the quality and related metrics [7]. All of these models are classified on the basis of the means and ways according to which they have been generated. These are categorized into the following three types. The assumed model is based on the hypothesis relationships among variables used. The model based on data-driven by a statistical analysis of related matrix in model. This model is the mutual effect of hunches which are used to determine the simple type of the model and secondly the Data analysis used to formulate the constants of the model along with the variable values. Different Quality Models 4.1 McCalls Quality Model This was the first ever quality model presented by the Jim McCall in year 1977 which is also called General Electronic Model [8]. Before presenting this model there was no any authentic model to review or check the quality of the product. This model provides a set of the basic characteristics to measure the quality of product. Figure 1. McCalls quality model and all of its components Three major perceptions of the McCall model for declaring and recognizing the quality of the product are presented following: Product Operation: The degree of any product that how much quickly and easily it can be understood, it includes, reliability, correctness, efficiency, integrity and usability criteria. Product Revision: it covers the maintainability, testability, changeability, flexibility and debugging of the product. Product Transition: it deals with the adaptability with the environment, portability, reusability and interoperability of the product. 4.2Boehms Quality Model Boehms software quality model [9] offers more attributes and characteristics of product than McCalls quality model. It was presented by Barry W. Boehm in 1978. Boehms model is almost similar to the McCall Quality Model because it also presents a hierarchical quality model designed about high-level, intermediate level and primitive characteristics, each of them plays an important role in the overall quality level. All above stated levels represent the questions of buyer, the quality factor which can affect or represent the quality of product and offers the basis for describing qualities metrics. Figure 2. Boehms quality model and all of its components Almost both Boehms and McCalls models similar to some extent [10].The difference in these two models is that McCalls model mainly centers on the accurate measurement of the high-level characteristics As-is utility. On other hand Boehms quality model is dependent on a broader range of characteristics with a stretched and detailed emphasis on primarily maintainability. 4.3 FURPS Quality Model FURPS model was presented after the McCalls and Boehms model. It was firstly presented by Robert Grady and Hewlett Packard Co. the abbreviation of word FURPS stands for Functionality, Usability, Reliability, Performance and Supportability of the product under development [11]. Functionality: Functionality contains combination of characteristics, security, features and capabilities. Usability: This section covers the factors which affect usability of the product like Human Factors, Aesthetic, material of training and documentation of the user. Reliability: It ensures the reliability and integrity factors like Recovery to failures Time among failures, Frequency and severity of failures. Performance: Enforces conditions on practical necessities like speed, availability, efficiency, throughput, accuracy, resource usage, response time and recovery time. Supportability: This section contains the components like Extensibility, Adaptability, Maintainability, Compatibility, Configurability, Install ability, Serviceability and Localizability. Figure 3. FURPS quality model and all of its components 4.4 IEEE Quality Model Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) [12]. It is an international organization which also provided many standard models for the software product quality and maintenance. It presented, many standards of software quality assurance and verification/validation of the software product. The abstract figure of IEEE software quality models is given forward: Figure 4. IEEE quality model and all of its components This model illustrates several ways for the measurement of qualitative factors and reflects factors like Efficiency, Functionality, Maintainability, Portability, Reliability and Usability. Efficiency: It includes the characters like time and resources. Reliability: It contains the factors and the characteristics which are used to increase and maintain the maturity and reliability by fault tolerance and Recoverability. Functionality: It includes characteristics like accuracy, compatibility, completeness, security and interoperability. Supportability: It helps in maintaining the testability, extendibility and correctability. Portability: It makes the software portable by ensuring characteristics like hardware independency, software independency, adaptability, install-ability and reusability. Usability: It ensures the comprehensibility, communicativeness and ease of learning. 4.5 ISO 9126 Quality Model ISO 9126 [14] [13] is presented by the international standard organization. It is one of the most implemented and used quality model for maintaining the quality of the software product. This modern model is based at the previous models like McCall, Boehm, FURPS and many other old versions of the ISO like ISO 9000 and etc. Figure 5. ISO 9126 quality model and all of its components This version of ISO also takes account of functionality as parameter and include identification of both internal quality characteristics and external quality characteristics of the products. The characteristics new version of this model [15] contains are Efficiency, Maintainability, Functionality, Reliability, Portability and Usability. Efficiency: It contains the characters which affects the throughput in a given time and resources used. Reliability: It includes the Maturity, Fault Tolerance and Recoverability. Functionality: It contains many essential characteristics which are necessary for the proper functionality of the product like suitability, accurateness, interoperability, compliance and security. Maintainability: It helps in maintaining the changeability, stability and testability by using analyzability. Portability: It makes the software more dynamic and portable by ensuring characteristics like adaptability, install-ability, conformance and replaceability. Usability: It makes sour that the learnability and operability of the software product should be easy and simple. 5. Comparison of Models According to the above study and figures we did a comparison between all of the models to justify our competitive study. McCall Model: according to the reference [] and the figure 1 of McCall model we can observe it can say following characteristics are included in this model correctness, reliability, efficiency, integrity, usability, flexibility, maintainability, testability, portability, interpretability and reusability. Boehms Model: As shown in the above figure 2 and the literature the characteristics owned by the Boehms model [] are device independence, self-contentedness, understandability, modifiability, testability, human engineering, efficiency and reliability. FURPS Model: FURPS is the combination of functionality, usability, reliability, performance and supportability these are further classified into security, capabilities, availability, efficiency, throughput, accuracy, resource, response time, integrity, failures, human factors, documentation, extensibility, maintainability, compatibility, install ability and serviceability. All these characteristics are mentioned in reference no. . IEEE Model: As we mentioned above the IEEE model is consist of the external and internal characteristics like functionality, reliability, supportability, usability, efficiency and portability these external characteristics are sub divided into internal characteristics like time, resources, error tolerance, availability, completeness, accuracy, security, compatibility, interoperability, testability, correctability, hardware independence, software independence, installability, reusability, usability, comprehensibility, ease of learning, extensibility and communicativeness . ISO 9126 Model: ISO 9126 is the combination of all the models it includes all the best characteristics which are necessary for building up a satisfactory product. The main characteristics of the ISO model are functionality, reliability, maintainability, usability, efficiency and portability. The derived sub characteristics form those main characteristics are suitability, accurateness, interoperability, compliance, security, maturity, fault tolerance, recoverability, understandability, learnability, operability, time behaviour, resource behaviour, analyzability, changeability, stability, testability, adaptability, installability, conformance and replaceability. 6. Conclusion We have studied several types of software quality models which are different on the basis of their characteristics and methodologies. Really it was a great task and challenge for us to conclude which model is the best and which we should prefer to implement in developing a good software product. In this paper we have also made a comparison table (above) to understand the real differences in the models. This table also shows which features and characteristic a model contains or lacks. We have studied and compared the following models. McCalls Model: In McCalls quality model, the quality is mostly measured on the basis of judgment of the person(s) or the users by answering the questions given in a questioner. (Yes or no questions). Boehms Model: While Boehm concentrates on the levels based upon the characteristics of the product. FURPS: The FURPS quality model is made and stretched to be cast-off in the IBM Rational Software Company. So, it is a special-purpose quality model, which is presented, for the benefits and betterment of that company. IEEE: It is also a good model to implement. It uses different measurement ways and standards like software quality assurance to maintain the quality of the product. ISO 9126: The ISO 9126 quality model is the most useful model it has been figured on the basis of international agreements and accordance from all the countries which are members of the ISO organization. In result of the comparative study ISO 9126 is best model. But it depends at your software product and the organizations that which model is best for use. It is a satisfactory and successful completion we hope it help the new users to understand the quality models properly and easily. Quality Characteristics Models McCall Boehm FURPS IEEE ISO 9126 Stability Integrity Security Maturity Usability Accuracy Flexibility Efficiency Reliability Portability Testability Reusability Functionality Analyzability Modifiability Performance Install Ability Supportability Interpretability Maintainability Fault Tolerance Understandability Time Management Self-contentedness Availability Human Factors interoperability compliance Suitability Replaceability adaptability Device Independence References [1] Khomh, F., Haderer, N. and Antoniol, G. (2009). SQUAD: Software Quality Understanding through the Analysis of Design, Reverse Engineering, WCRE09, 16th working conference [2]Dubey, S.K., Gosh, S. and Rana, A. (2012). Comparison of Software Quality Models: An Analytical Approach. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, ISSN 2250-2459, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 111-119. [3]Robson, C. (2002). Real world research: a resource for social scientists and practitioner-researchers, Blackwell Publisher Ltd. [4]Sharma, K. and Sharma, K. (2013). Comparison of various software quality products, Proc. of the Intl. Conf. on Recent Trends in Computing and Communication Engineering, RTCCE 2013 [5]Sharma, A., Kumar, R. and Grover, P. S. (2008). Estimation of Quality for software components: an empirical approach, ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes, 33(6), pp. 1-10 [6]IEEE STD 729. (1983). IEEE Standard Glossary of the Software Engineering Terminology [7] Pressman, R. S. (2012). Software Engineering a practitioners Approach 7th Edition. McGraw-Hill, Inc. [8]McCall J. A., Richards, P. K. and Walters, G. F. (1977). Factors in Software Quality, Vol. 1, 2 and 3, AD/A 049-014/015/055, National Tech. Information service, Springfield. [9] Boehm, B. W., Brown, J. R., and Lipow, M. (1976). Quantitative evaluation of software quality, International Conference on Software Engineering, Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Software Engineering (2nd):592-605. [10]Boehm, B. W., Brown, J. R. and Kaspar, J. R. (1978).Characteristics of software Quality, TRW Series of software Technology, Amsterdam, North Holland. [11]Ghezzi, Jazayeri, C. M. and Mandrioli, D. (1991). Fundamental of software Engineering, Prentice-Hall, NJ, USA. [12] IEEE (1993). Standard for Software Maintenance, Software Engineering Standards Subcommittee of the IEEE Computer Society. [13] ISO/IEC TR 9126-3. (2002). Software Engineering Product Quality. [14]ISO 9126. (2000)E. Standard ISO/IEC, Information technology- Software product quality Part1: Quality Model, ISO/IEC FDIS 9126-1: 2000(E) [15]ISO/ IEC 25030. (2006). Software Engineering: Software Product Quality Requirements and Evaluation (Square), Quality Requirements.

Essay --

Abe Lincoln was Americas 16th president. He had served from 1861-1865 he had a vice president his name was Hannibal Hamlin. He had supported the Republican Party. Which means he believed each person is responsible for his/her own rights in society. Abe was 52 at the start of his presidency. Abe had little to no knowledge of anything, but he had a very strong interest in books this is where he obtained most of his knowledge. So you could say that Abe was a self-taught man. When Abe was a kid he had a variety of jobs such as: a shopkeeper, a surveyor and postmaster. For a while he even chopped wood. After that he had started his place in the government. He won a seat in the Illinois legislature when he was 25. Abe served in Illinois for several terms when he had served in Illinois he had started to study to became a lawyer. He had ended up running for U.S congress. He eventually ended up winning the seat. Abe served as a congressman for one term. A term is approximately 2 years. He tried to run for senate. Abe did not win. When he did run though his concern for slavery caught some people’s attention. In 1860 Abe ran for president. He was fairly new in the Republican Party which back then had a meaning that the northern states didn’t allow any states to succeed from the US. Or in other words leave the country and form there own. They were also against slavery. Abe was inaugurated in 1861which means he became president. The southern states did not want Abe to be president. Abe didn’t want slavery so all the southern states were getting mad because slaves could go to the north and be free. Before Abe officially became president the southern states began to succeed. The first to leave was South Carolina. Soon 6 more would leave ... ...d been bumped to General-in-chief of the whole union army. Grant led the union army against Robert E. Lee in Virginia. The both of them battled for over a year with grant winning over Lee in Virginia ion April 9th 1865 Grant offered some generouse terms for the confederate army so that they did completely destroy the south and there army. When Grant took office his popularity becamne more thatn ever before but when he tried to rin for his third term he was accused that his whole presidency was a scandal. Many of the people in his administration had stolen from the gaverment. After he didn’t win his third term he decied he should travel the world and meet all the countries leaders. Upon returning he tried to run for offcice again but was unsuccessful. So he started to write an auto biography. He later had died of throat cancer due to smoking cigars his whole life.

Benefits of Breastfeeding Essay

It’s amazing how all creation have been endowed with built-in capabilities to procreate and sustain its progenies. It is said that â€Å"there are 4,000 species of mammals† and each kind produces a distinctive sort of milk for their young (Ruth Lawrence, M. D. , professor of pediatrics and obstetrics, in Williams, accessed in the Internet last February 27, 2007, http://www. fda. gov/Fdac/features/895_brstfeed. html ). Given that, the natural food for an infant is its mother’s milk. Human milk is custom-built for human babies and enough to meet all the dietary needs of a suckling babe. It is an established fact that years of research on the efficacy of breast milk making it perfectly suitable to provide nourishment to infants and basically protect them from illness. In comparison to bottle-fed babies, the former have decreased rates of admissions or hospitalizations, infections related to the ear, rashes and allergies, diarrhea, and a host of other medical concerns (Williams, accessed in the Internet last February 27, 2007,http://www. fda. gov/Fdac/features/895_brstfeed. html) . This paper examines and proposes the manifold benefits of breastfeeding both for the infant and its mother, its historicity, and society’s role in its practice as well the risks when mother is exposed to questionable lifestyle or substance use-whether legal or illegal. II. Review of Related Literature Despite its popularity and very common occurrence in various parts of the globe, breastfeeding is a subject frequently being researched. In a compendium on this matter, Cadwell and others brought together information on the incidence, and other studies to present a realistic picture of the importance and condition of the breastfeeding in America (Calandro & Marcus in Cadwell et al article, 2003). Historically, this maternal activity is unquestionably a norm or an everyday occurrence of early Americans. According to Cadwell and other writers however, this is no longer the situation. Breastfeeding moms are fast becoming an â€Å"endangered species† so to speak. This team among others, are convinced that a resurgence of the breast feeding practice is most needful, and education’s place in promoting breastfeeding. In addition to the many positive effects of breastfeeding, recent study published by the La Leche League International focuses on the OSA (Obstructive Sleep Apnea) occurrence (Palmer, 1999). Findings revealed that breastfeeding and the longer a baby is breastfed lowers the incidence of this disorder. III. Historicity and Occurrence of Breastfeeding Culture and society shape people’s values to a large extent. They shape attitude early on those developmental stages. Family, teachers and friends greatly have their effects on other people’s beliefs about what are those ways that are acceptable and are not (Canahuati et al, 1999. http://www. waba. org. my/wbw/wbw99/foldereng99. htm). Many in the research field say that ninety-nine (99%) percent of human history has been known to have breast milk as the primary or sole food until two years of age. There is common knowledge also that this practice of infant nursing even continues for more than those two years (______ in Small, last accessed in the Internet, February 27, 2007). However, culture and society slowly evolved until the norm became non-existent almost. Today, in first world countries mainly, the women now choose the option to nurse or breastfeed – the ready solution to feeding a baby has become to bottle-feed them. And this beside the avalanche of information that reach mothers, many women still choose to introduce formula which all agree as an artificial substitute (Matusiak, 2005). This was actually introduced around the 1860s in the U. S. and in Europe with advertisements persuading women to purchase what might well be the scientific discovery of the day at the same time convincing its customers they are paying for the most perfect substitute for mother’s milk (Matusiak, 2005). It is true that culture is most influential when the choice to breastfeed is taken or not. To date, there are various intricacies where culture and the choice to breastfeed are involved. Matusiak in his study on A Cultural Perspective of the Feeding Habits said that â€Å"In all cultures there exist a number of factors and beliefs not directly related to breastfeeding that nevertheless affect women’s decisions on how to feed their children† (Matusiak, 2005). They include feeding habits – when to feed and when not to feed – and also the duration (one year or less for instance) of nursing the child. This even includes the feeding position – the cultural differences that influence the mother to decide what she has been taught to do. This goes to mean that mothers hand over to their children what they usually practice. In addition, it undeniably true also that whenever one mother decides to breastfeed, society almost always dictate to a large degree this decision made by women. In Pakistani society for example, male children are more preferred at than the female children. So much so that when a mother gave birth to twins, the male child was breastfed while the infant daughter was given the formula (Matusiak, 2005). Again to quote Matusiak â€Å"The cultural aspects of what roles the male and female play complicates the issue. As seen, societies that favor a male over a female, as in some developing countries, tend to have the male breastfed, while the female gets the artificial breast-milk. While more developed countries are struggling with the emergence of a strong, self-willed female population† (Matusiak, 2005).

Daddy by Sylvia Plath Essay Example

Daddy by Sylvia Plath Essay Example Daddy by Sylvia Plath Paper Daddy by Sylvia Plath Paper Task speak In present tense but talk about father In past In her 1962 poem Daddy Sylvia Plate uses an array of simple language, passionate emotions and personal experiences to create work that helps us observe the resolution of her fathers death and the ensuing freedom she obtained from finding this closure. This specific poem was written only 4 months before her impending suicide and Is highly autobiographical In nature. The discussion of her fathers death, her failed marriage and her suicide attempts are all very compelling. The use of imagery, along with the rhythm and rhyme of the poem make it a great study. In the first stanza, Plate uses the phrase You do not do, you do not do which suggests she has had enough and is not taking anymore aggravation. This tells me she feels someone Is treating her poorly and the tone Is very demanding, so evidently she feels a lot of anger towards this person. She continues by saying Any more, black shoe/ In which I have lived like a foot/For thirty years, poor and white/ Barely daring to breathe or Cacao. By making a comparison between herself and the shoe she is sing a simile, which suggests she has low self-esteem. Also, a foot in a shoe is very tight so she may be inferring that she feels very claustrophobic. Another way of interpreting this is by saying she Is the foot and her Daddy Is the shoe, and she has received no support from the shoe, and therefore no support from Daddy, whom at this point we assume is her father. Furthermore, the line Barely daring to breathe or Cacao gives the impression of fear. Its as if she is too scared to voice her feelings and speak out. In my opinion, there Is some mystery surrounding this poem. Daddy, I have had to kill you. You died before I had tile This Is very thought-provoking because I find myself asking the question, Time to what? The dash lines cause some sort of vagueness. Is it possible she is talking about the lack of time she had to form a relationship? Or perhaps she is suggesting there was no time to state her feelings? We are left to make up our own mind. Plate uses a selection of metaphors, for example, she refers to her father as Hitler. This Is a clever use of irony because Plate was American and the Americans hated the Germans, therefore I believe she Is announcing her hatred for her father. In Dalton, she uses some German; her fathers native language. This is most likely to mock him and make him feel foolish and insignificant. ICC, ICC, ICC, ICC. In German this means so it tells the reader her father was very narcissistic and made everything about himself; he didnt care about anyone else, including his daughter. Plate continues to use a variety of metaphors and similes by comparing her father her father and feels some sort of persecution experienced by a Jew. Moreover, she clearly feels a lot of revulsion for him and really despises his character. Continuing with the Nazi theme, Sylvia Plate compares her father to Hitler, And your neat moustache/ And your Aryan eye, bright blue. This is very strong language because she is implying her father brought devastation to her life, and had no compassion whatsoever. This idea is supported when she compares Daddy to Drachma, The vampire who said he was you/And drank my blood for a year/Seven years, if you want to know/Daddy, you can lie back now. By using this comparison she is claiming her father would wreak havoc on peoples lives, alleging the villagers never liked you, ND so she was not the only one with such strong feelings for him. Another metaphor is used later on in the poem and it follows on in to the next stanza. Any less the black man who/Bit my pretty red heart in two. This coveys heartbreak and Plate uses some very strong imagery, which continues when she reveals details of her suicide attempt. At twenty I tried to die/ And get back, back, back to you/ I thought even the bones would do. She is obviously very unhappy and the phrase back, back, back to you is evidence of repetition. There is a very powerful image of trying to get back, but not quite being able to. It is clear to me as a reader that the poet feels weak and frail. And t hey stuck me together with glue. Glue isnt very strong and an object can easily be broken, therefore she is insinuating that she is fragile. However, she does have some strength still within, The black telephones off at the root/The voices Just cant worm through. This tells us she is no longer going to allow the voices of the past to hurt her. To conclude, it is clear Plate felt a lot of hatred for the subject of this poem. She sees some strong imagery and language techniques which help to explain the true extent of anger and fury felt towards this person. However, it is unclear as to who the focus of this poem is. At first glance I would assume she is talking about her father, but as we read deeper in to the poem several other possibilities arise. For example, Daddy could be referring to Ted Hughes, once her husband. I understand they had a very heated relationship which is understandable with two very accomplished poets living under the same roof, with so much desire to constantly produce works of excellence. If this theory is correct, it would mean she may be writing from her childs perspective, hence the title Daddy. Alternatively, another possibility is that God is the focus. God is seen as a father figure and so this is also a rational explanation. Plate claims, l could never talk to you, so perhaps she felt there was no connection between them and she found it difficult to communicate. Additionally, she hoped that one day her belief would return, tried to die/And get back, back, back to you. This gives us the impression that she is trying to get to heaven and reconnect with God.

The Rise and Fall of Consumer Cultures Essay Example

The Rise and Fall of Consumer Cultures Essay Example The Rise and Fall of Consumer Cultures Essay The Rise and Fall of Consumer Cultures Essay Name: Lecturer: Course: Date: The Rise and fall of Consumer Cultures 1 The 2010 issue of the â€Å"State of the world† is purely dedicated to raising awareness on the need for the development of more environmental friendly habits that greatly influence the world in a more positive manner. The article indicated the human race currently faces many social problems that insightfully point to a much deeper systematic failing. The article refers to this failure as a prevailing cultural model that tends to promote the adaptation of lifestyles directly against the realities of finite planet. This model is referred to as â€Å"consumerism† where the world has adopted a culture of developing an avaricious appetite through the consumption of the worlds, finite recourses (Gray, 5). The article illustrates of how the current consumption levels are unsustainable both now and the future leading to the threat of the existence of humanity as we know it. The article further indicates that if the pattern is to proceed unchecked, then some of the problems such as climate change and other environmental problems could be impossible to solve. These environmental and climatic problems are definitely poised at altering the normal structure and survival of human civilization. Reversing the adverse impacts brought about by consumerism cultures and habits will require long-term efforts that are mainly aimed at altering the traditions. These efforts are focused on changing the traditions, social movements and institutions that mould the worlds’ cultures from their current consumerism states to that of sustainability. Since the world’s recourses such as land and minerals are finite, utilizing them without replacing them means that future generations will not have the privilege of experiencing and enjoying them unless of course through videos and other storage media. The article proposes institutions such as schools, the media, businesses and governments as effective and efficient ones for changing the current culture into a more sustainable one. These institutions will bring about a cultural shift that will lead to more sustainable culture as a natural lifestyle that will take control of underlying disasters. The sustainable culture will also go a long way in dealing with other related crisis such as income inequity, obesity and social isolation. State of the World 2010 illustrates a grim image of what the unchecked consumerism could lead to and details of how a more sustainable culture could look like. The article also illustrates on some already existing efforts that are aimed at making the shift in making the latter image a reality. The article provides some grim statistics on the current consumer levels of the human population. As an illustration, in the year 2006 alone, the worlds’ population consumed a total to thirty point five trillion dollars worth of goods and services. This indicated a twenty-eight percent increase from a span of only ten years. The article indicates that the dramatic increase in consumption leads to an increase of resource extraction. In illustration, up to one hundred and twelve Empire State Buildings worth of materials are extracted from this finite earth in a period of only twenty-four hours. On average, an American consumes close to eighty-eight kilograms of commodities on a daily basis. This amount is technically more that what an average person weighs. Were everyone in this finite earth to adopt consumerist culture, then the earth could only support one point four billion people. This is merely a fifth of the entire worlds’ population according to current statistics. 2 One of the micro foundations in economics is demand. Whenever demand for a certain product increasing without further increase in supply, then the price of the commodity is bound to increase. With this regard, if the world’s population will continue with its consumerist culture and increase its consumption of the already finite resources, then price of the commodities worldwide will end up being revised upwards. This would further mean that at a certain time, only the affluent few in the world would be able to acquire some of these essential commodities. The utility theory can be used in this case be used to explain the behavioral patterns of the world’s population. With this regard, the consumer has been playing the role of decision maker. In this process, the worlds’ consumerism society decides the amount of any commodity that is too consumed. This is mainly aimed at insuring the highest possible level of utility that is subject to the populations’ available income and the prices of the commodities. In accordance with the utility theory, we see production levels of non-essential commodities increasing as opposed to an increase in the essential commodities. Increased consumption levels allow diminishing marginal utility to come into play. With this regard, consumers have continually increased their intake to the point where additional consumption provides less utility than what was consumed before. This has the adverse effect of bringing about ailments such as obesity, cancers and an increase in waste production . The marginal private benefit is the increase in benefit derived from a commodity in the event of consumption or production of one extra unit obtained by the individual that is consuming the product. With this regard, the global marginal private benefit is bound to decrease in a consumerism culture since most of the excess is bound to be discarded as waste as opposed to optimal utilization. This is evidenced where studies indicate a change in the essential commodities. For instance, people in the United States of America now deem a mobile phone as a necessity whereas in Japan, items such as a fan and a washing machine are viewed as essential commodities. Different production levels lead the production company incurring different profit margins. Profit maximization is thus the process whereby the production companies evaluate the price and production levels that enable the company to reap the greatest profit. With this regard, increased production does not necessarily translate into maximized profits. A consumerist society leads to increased and unpredictable production levels thus rendering the production companies to fail to realize profit maximization. The marginal private cost is the cost incurred by a company after producing a given product or service. The marginal private cost normally increases with an increase in production. With this regard, an increase in demand will result in an increase in production and hence an increase in the marginal private cost incurred by the production companies. Supply is the amount of a given product that is available for purchase at a given time. Since the earth’s resources are finite, additional consumption of these products without replenishing the present ones will result in a time when the supply of a given product will be nil. 3 One of the steps to be taken in dealing with the prevailing environmental issues is the rolling out of a major sensitization program aimed at highlighting the need for conserving the present recourses by mainly checking the consumerist cultures. Although this seems like a daunting task, history indicates that traditional human cultures are generally sustainability oriented. This means that the human population needs not to be educated on a new lifestyle or culture but simply be reminded of the need to return to the past cultural habits. The worlds’ traditional cultures are in a way homogenous in that they have deep and ancient roots that enable people to realize sense of their lives and create a manageable relationship with other members of the society and the natural world. Anthropologists indicate that traditional cultures are deeply rooted in the mutual respect and protection of the natural environment that facilitates the mere existence of the human societies. Creating awareness on the need of reverting to the roots could be taken as the first step in dealing with the prevailing environmental issues. Another step is using schools as places of nurturing the younger generation. Since is hard to â€Å"teach an old dog new tricks†, then it could be consider wise to nurture a young generations that highly respects, appreciates and protects the natural systems that sustain their survival. The younger generation could be sensitized on the need of conserving the natural systems at a very tender age. This means that in fifteen to twenty years to come, a new generation will arise with the zeal of protecting the natural resources that sustain our very existence. With the help of the government and school heads, school menus could be changed and provided the student with menus comprising of healthy, local and environmentally safe foods. This leads into a change in the young generation’s dietary norms. Efforts such as the use of renewable energy sources such as wind power, solar and other will go along way in ensuring that culture aimed at sustaining the environment is developed. This will also go along way in curbing harmful carbon emissions and decreasing the worlds’ over reliance on fossil fuels. This is because this fuels, once consumed, they cannot be replenished for future use. Another means is through enacting laws that curtail the use of non-renewable resources. Paper and other industries that engage in the logging of trees must be forced by law to roll out measures aimed at replenishing the felled trees. The felling of hardwood trees should be kept at a minimum because even with tree planting measures, these species take a considerably long time to mature. With this respect, these efforts will act as double-edged sword by having the older generation adopt sustainable activities by means of the law and at the same time creating an ideal sustainable culture among the future generations. Assadourian, Erik, Linda Starke, and Lisa Mastny. State of the World, 2010: Transforming Cultures: from Consumerism to Sustainability: A Worldwatch Institute Report on Progress Toward a Sustainable Society. New York, NY: W.W. Norton, 2010. Print.